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April 2011

Volume 64, Issue 4

Cover: Powerful telescopes that look deep into the cosmos also look back in time. But even the most impressive telescopes can't see far enough to observe the first stars. To gain insight into the earliest epoch of star formation, which occurred less than a billion years after the Big Bang, scientists rely on simulations such as the one depicted here. To learn more about the physics and the simulations and to see a second nascent star, obscured in the cover view, turn to the article by Tom Abel on page 51. (Image courtesy of Tom Abel.)

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Articles

Select this Article		The thinning of Arctic sea ice Ronald Kwok and Norbert Untersteiner


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	+ -	Show Topic The surplus heat needed to explain the loss of Arctic sea ice during the past few decades is on the order of 1 W/m². Observing, attributing, and predicting such a small amount of energy remain daunting problems.

Select this Article		Shedding new light on light in the ocean Tommy D. Dickey, George W. Kattawar, and Kenneth J. Voss


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	+ -	Show Topic Recent advances are making it possible for optical oceanographers to solve a host of pressing environmental problems.

Select this Article FREE		The first stars, as seen by supercomputers Tom Abel


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	+ -	Show Topic Today's telescopes cannot look far enough into the cosmic past to observe the formation of primordial stars. If you want to see that process, you need sophisticated numerical simulations.

Letters

Students' learning and employment: Stories from the field

Select this Article FREE		Students' learning and employment: Stories from the field Noreen Grice


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Select this Article FREE		Students' learning and employment: Stories from the field Ben Zuckerman


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Remembering Stoicheff and his rule

Select this Article FREE		Remembering Stoicheff and his rule Vladimir Mastryukov


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On Iran–Israel relations

Select this Article FREE		On Iran–Israel relations John Hauptman


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Siphon uses atmospheric pressure

Select this Article FREE		Siphon uses atmospheric pressure Arthur G. Schmidt


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Search and Discovery

Select this Article		X rays from a free-electron laser resolve the structures of complex biomolecules R. Mark Wilson


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	+ -	Show Topic A new imaging technique merges thousands of two-dimensional diffraction patterns from a stream of single particles to construct a high-resolution 3D map of electron density.

Select this Article		Entanglement enhances classical communication Johanna L. Miller


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	+ -	Show Topic As a laboratory experiment shows, when Alice and Bob each have one of a pair of entangled photons, they can transmit data more accurately over a noisy channel.

Select this Article		Microfluidic devices streamline fluorescence experiments Ashley G. Smart


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	+ -	Show Topic Reactions orchestrated on chips the size of a penny elucidate protein folding and other complex biological processes.

Physics Update

Select this Article		Recovery mechanism for Arctic ice Bertram M. Schwarzschild


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Select this Article		Building an atomic geomagnetometer from the ground up Jermey N. A. Matthews


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Select this Article		Wavefunction's unconventional statistics manifested Steven K. Blau


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Select this Article		Chemical pattern formation in three dimensions Charles Day


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Select this Article		Saving food webs by subtraction Ashley G. Smart


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Select this Article		Backward lasing in air R. Mark Wilson


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Issues and Events

Select this Article FREE		Freedom, fairness, and funds give hope to Egypt's scientists Toni Feder


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	+ -	Show Topic Science and technology will figure more strongly in Egypt's future, but the first priorities include urgent needs like feeding the hungry and eradicating illiteracy.

Select this Article		High-energy physics lab seeks discovery-oriented artists for close interactions Toni Feder


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	+ -	Show Topic A new initiative at CERN aims to tap the shared curiosity of artists and scientists to create mutual understanding, inspire art, and excite people about science.

Select this Article		Rankings place technology-courting US states on top Jermey N. A. Matthews


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	+ -	Show Topic Economic indices highlight research universities' key role in feeding the innovation pipeline.

Select this Article		Chu adds muscle to clean-energy pitch David Kramer


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Special Report

Select this Article FREE		Obama's 2012 budget would freeze total spending, expand science and technology David Kramer


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	+ -	Show Topic Clean energy and basic physical sciences research would continue to shine in the president's budget. But House Republicans want cuts in R&D to begin right now.

Books

Select this Article		Physics of the Piano Uwe J. Hansen, Reviewer


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Select this Article		Neutrino A. Baha Balantekin


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Select this Article		Atomic Force Microscopy Udo D. Schwarz, Reviewer


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Select this Article		Energy, the Subtle Concept: The Discovery of Feynman's Blocks from Leibniz to Einstein Lisa Crystal, Reviewer


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Select this Article FREE		New books


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New Products

Select this Article FREE		Focus on nanoscience and nanotechnology


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Obituaries

Select this Article FREE		Lawrence Badash Zuoyue Wang and Peter Neushul


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Select this Article FREE		Mukul Ranjan Kundu Nat Gopalswamy


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Select this Article FREE		Walter Selove Vasken Hagopian, Sharon Hagopian, and Walter Kononenko


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Quick Study

Select this Article FREE		Locating explosions, volcanoes, and more with infrasound Curt A. L. Szuberla and Kenneth M. Arnoult, Jr


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	+ -	Show Topic Sound with frequencies below the human threshold of hearing has long been used for global monitoring of large acoustic outbursts such as those in nuclear tests. Now infrasound is helping scientists detect much smaller events at close range.